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Pearl Harbor

When you are spending your holidays in Hawaii, you can tend to forget that Hawaii, with its beaches, its nature, its aloha spirit was touched directly by the war on December 7-1941. During my trip to Hawaii, I wanted absolutely to discover this part of history and to learn more about it (as what I have learned was far away!!). I wanted to know more, especially by the American and not only the way Europeans told us this story. I learned so much about it. There is a lot of explanations about the Japanese who were living on the island at this moment. They could have been dispraised when it happened, but it was not the case!

We arrived in the morning very early with one of my colleagues to avoid the crowd, and we were hoping that we could see the Memorial (because not everyone can go there)

Before taking the boat to bring us there, we watched a movie about it on Pearl Harbor (and corroborate what we just read or see in the differents space rooms they had just before): kamikazes airplanes reproduction, people telling their stories.

Then it’s time to go to the Memorial. It was a moment vibrant of emotion, and you could feel it in the air. We are on the boat, but under us is this giant boat The Arizona. We could see very clearly some part of the ship which was flooded. We entered a room where on the wall, you could all the sailor’s names. We even discover that the one who survived the catastrophe where inhumed with their brother of arms in the ship.

December 7, 1941, started like any other sunny day in paradise, yet for the island residents of Oahu in Hawaii”and the whole world for that matter’s”life as they knew it was about to come to an earth-shattering halt. The Japanese bombings of Pearl Harbor was the attack heard around the globe and a pivotal point in world history that President Franklin Roosevelt would famously describe as, “a date which will live in infamy.”

WHY WAS PEARL HARBOR ATTACKED?

The Japanese dreamed of an Empire in Asia and began their quest in early 1931. They overran Manchuria and established it as a state, which they named Manchukuo. Moving into China, the Japanese were initially successful, but ultimately encountered the resistance of the Chinese, under the government Chiang Kai-shek. A crisis arose in 1937 when Japan launched a major offensive to reduce China into submission.

When this tactic was unsuccessful, Japan adopted a policy of economic strangulation. By 1939, major coastal ports were seized, and the Chinese capital was forced to move from Nanking to the inland area of Hankow.

In 1940, the French allowed the entry of Japanese troops into Indochina. A treaty was made with Thailand (Siam). By the end of 1940, the Japanese were threatening the Burma Road, China’s last supply line from the outside world. By July 194l, they had completed their occupation of French Indochina and turned their sights to Thailand, Burma, and the Philippines.

Concerned over Japan’s ambitions, the U.S., Netherlands, and Great Britain froze Japanese assets in their countries and imposed stringent economic restrictions, cutting off 90% of raw materials required by Japan for war production. The U.S. demanded that aggressive actions against China and Indonesia be halted. Japan was forced to choose between abandoning her efforts or seizure of other areas rich in raw materials. Abandonment was unthinkable, and Japan chose the latter.

By December, 194l the Japanese Army had a force of 2,400,000 trained ground troops and an air fleet of 7,500 planes. The U.S. had the power of 1,500,000 of which 1,000,000 were not wholly prepared, 1,157 combat aircraft, and 347 warships. However, America had already committed to a large portion of war production in the European Conflict.

Japan moved forward with war plans. They believed the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor was their only threat and set out to neutralize the fleet using a surprise air attack.

COMMANDERS OF THE US PACIFIC FLEET

The U.S., and specifically the Army defenses at Pearl Harbor, was under the command of Lt. General Walter Short. Short’s military career began during World War I and lasted almost 40 years. After the attack on December 7, 1941, Short requested retirement and was relieved of his duty by Lieutenant General Delos Emmons.

Admiral Husband Kimmel, who served as Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet after a long run in the military beginning in 1915, also quickly ended his career after the Pearl Harbor attacks. He served during World War I. He stepped down on December 17, 1941, and was replaced as commander of the Pacific Fleet by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz.

Admiral Kimmel and Lt. General Short shared the same belief: neither expected an attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese. Short was consumed by his mission to train his command. Both Short and Kimmel failed to heed any warnings and seldom got together to coordinate efforts between the Army and the Navy.

Throughout the four years that followed the Pearl Harbor Attacks, both Short and Kimmel underwent scrutiny for the choices they made while in command. For years each tried to clear their names. It was not until 2000 that Congress issued a resolution saying that the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was not a result of their “dereliction of duty” and found that both had acted in a competently and professional manner.

WHY WAS THE US UNPREPARED?

The first warning Hawaii received that Japan might attack the Navy sent the U.S. to its fleet commanders on October 16, 1941. The Army staff in Washington disagreed with the Navy’s warning, and the War Department sent a supplementary message to commanders advising they did not see an abrupt change in Japanese foreign policy soon. The War Department did not believe that Japan was on the verge of attacking the United States. Under the circumstances, commanders of the Pacific Fleet saw no need to do any more than what was already being done.

There was also an assumption in Washington that Japan had no seaborne aircraft capable of catching the Army’s B-24 bombers. They further believed that Japan had overextended its military in other regions and could not concentrate its military forces on a large scale strategic offensive in the Pacific. On the eve of the attack, the Honolulu press reflected the belief of Washington that Japan was too weak to pose a severe threat to the United States.

There was a complete lack of cooperation between the Army and Navy, and no one in authority believed in the dangers to which Pearl Harbor was exposed. Training activities preoccupied the Commanders to the exclusion of adequate preparedness against the attack. As they prepared for war, they saw no need for Hawaii to be ready for a large-scale attack.

On December 7, 1941, Washington intercepted a written message from Japan threatening war. The United States did not appreciate the full implications of the 7:30 am Hawaii deadline. A last-minute warning was sent to the Pacific commanders. However, General Short did not receive the message until hours after the attack. Poor communications between Washington and Hawaii helped the Japanese achieve a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.

Two early warnings of the impending Japanese attack came, but both were ignored. At approximately 6:30 am, a Japanese midget sub was spotted and sunk near the entrance to Pearl Harbor. Shortly after that, an Army radar station on Oahu’s north shore reported the sighting of planes about 50 miles away to the Watch Commander at Army information center at Fort Shafter. It was then reported to a Navy lieutenant. The Navy lieutenant believed they were U.S. planes returning from a reconnaissance flight or B-17’s scheduled to arrive from California, and the sighting was ignored.

TWO WAVES

The Japanese began their air attack. The first wave arrived over Pearl Harbor at approximately 7:45 am to find seven U.S. battleships moored along “Battleship Row,” on the east side of Ford Island. Another battleship was in dry dock in the nearby Navy Yard. Other moorings which the Japanese believed might include warships, or the equally important aircraft carriers, were at the Navy Yard’s 1010 Dock and along Ford Island’s western side.

The Japanese initially hit the airfields, destroying many aircraft located on the southern tip of Ford Island. This attack, followed by the dispatch of communications, was the world’s first notification that war had begun in the Pacific.

Moments after that, torpedo planes attacked from west hitting the USS Helena, USS Utah and USS Raleigh, all on the west side of Ford Island. From the east, torpedo planes came in and hit the USS California, the USS Nevada, USS Oklahoma, and West Virginia, located on the east side of Ford Island.

As the torpedo planes continued the first wave attacks, additional bombs were dropped on “Battleship Row,” hitting several ships. The USS Arizona received a death blow followed by a massive explosion. As the first wave departed, the Japanese telegraph operator tapped out Tora, Tora, Tora: the code word for surprise attack achieved.

The second wave of planes further attacked some of the ships already hit, also destroying the Navy Yard. The battleship Pennsylvania and three destroyers were bombed in dry dock. Other bombers went after the Nevada, which had left her berth and was trying to get to sea. Anti-aircraft gunfire met these ships, causing losses that were far greater than those of the first attack wave.

Fortunately, neither wave had the opportunity to hit American aircraft carriers, all of which were out at sea. Fuel storage tanks, maintenance areas, and most destroyers and submarines were not targeted. However, in less than two hours, the Japanese had ruined the U.S. Pacific Fleet’s battleship force, ensuring the U.S. would not interfere with further plans for conquest.

How long was the Battle of Pearl Harbor attack?

Some people have referred to the Pearl Harbor attack as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, and that is an incorrect characterization of what took place here. It was a surprise attack, and the loss was very heavy on the American side, with very few Japanese soldiers being taken down.

The attack struck at 7:55 am and by 8:00 am, most of the U.S. fighter planes had been decimated. The Japanese torpedo planes began to attack the ships in the Harbor for 11 minutes, followed by bomber plans. In the first wave of the attack, a bomb hit the USS Arizona and caused a significant explosion.

By 8:40 am, 167 additional aircraft attacked. This second wave was not able to do as much damage as the first wave did. All of the Japanese aircraft were leaving Oahu by 9:50 am.

Some stories about this day:

Auntie Tootie’s Story

Auntie Tootie lived on the mountains above Pearl Harbor, way up in the heights of Aiea in a smallish house with her husband and four kids. She was a cousin to my neighbors in Papakolea. When she came for dinner, the honor of the blessing was hers, and she always ended it by thanking God for “peace on this island.” Whenever we asked about that, she retold the story of her husband working the night shift at Pearl, usually getting home about 8 am:

“It was Sunday morning, time for good clothes. We were waiting for dad get home, eat something, all of us pile in ‘da’ car for church. Then, the noise. I looked. I thought our mountain was erupting like one volcano. I ran outside. Big, big smoke! I grab the kids and push them under the house. He never came home until long time. We were so scared. We thought the planes were coming back. We never went back outside for days. I would crawl out after dark to get water and blankets and some food. We had Japanese neighbors. They brought food. We all stayed together until they got taken away to housing where they could still work but were under curfew. With the bad feelings about Japan’s attack on Pearl, lots of people ask me why they kept a job. Those guys were Essential Workers cause of so many dead and everyone in the Navy ship out!”

This visit was for me so meaningful, and learning some stories about it was interesting. Seeing how the people were considering the local Japanese was incredible. The Hawaiian could have been seen as a threat, especially after what happened. So even if this is a terrible event, hope is each of us.

Go there if you are lucky to go to Oahu and understand what happened behind this battle.

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Anna Rouvillois

Anna Rouvillois

This blog is about all my traveling around the world and the new experiences I was grateful to do. You will discover some recipes and some life tips. I hope you will enjoy this as much as I enjoy life!!!
Anna Rouvillois

Anna Rouvillois

This blog is about all my traveling around the world and the new experiences I was grateful to do. You will discover some recipes and some life tips. I hope you will enjoy this as much as I enjoy life!!!